Metodología para incrementar la velocidad de reacción durante la defensa personal en cadetes

La preparación física, como parte del entrenamiento de los cadetes, busca poner en óptimo estado al practicante, perfecciona sus aptitudes naturales y desarrolla al máximo sus capacidades físicas por medio de ejercicios sistemáticos. En ese sentido, la velocidad de reacción durante la defensa personal constituye un importante aspecto a tratar; sin embargo, la observación y análisis de la realidad educativa en el Instituto de Enseñanza Superior del Ministerio del Interior, en Santiago de Cuba, reveló insuficiencias que limitan el logro de altos niveles en la velocidad de reacción. El objetivo del estudio consistió en elaborar una metodología para el desarrollo de la velocidad de reacción durante la defensa personal, en los cadetes de la carrera Ciencias de la Seguridad del Estado del Ministerio del Interior. En esa línea de pensamiento, se realizó una investigación con enfoque mixto y diseño cuasi experimental que empleó como métodos empíricos la revisión documental, la observación científica y la entrevista no estructurada; se utilizó la estadística inferencial por medio de la prueba de rangos de Wilcoxon para muestras relacionadas, lo que permitió conocer la eficiencia de los ejercicios especiales que se aplicaron. La calidad de la metodología quedó corroborada por los resultados obtenidos en la aplicación del criterio de expertos en la variante "Delphi" y del prexperimento, confirmados por diferentes técnicas estadísticas que resaltan la funcionalidad, sostenibilidad, pertinencia y factibilidad de la propuesta.

A preparação física, como parte do treinamento dos cadetes, busca colocar o praticante em ótimas condições, aperfeiçoar suas aptidões naturais e desenvolver ao máximo suas capacidades físicas por meio de exercícios sistemáticos. Nesse sentido, a velocidade de reação durante a defesa pessoal é um aspecto importante a ser abordado; no entanto, a observação e a análise da realidade educacional no Instituto de Ensino Superior do Ministério do Interior, em Santiago de Cuba, revelaram insuficiências que limitam a obtenção de altos níveis de velocidade de reação. O objetivo do estudo foi elaborar uma metodologia para o desenvolvimento da velocidade de reação durante a autodefesa, em cadetes do curso de Ciências de Segurança do Estado do Ministério do Interior. Nessa linha de pensamento, foi realizada uma pesquisa com abordagem mista e desenho quase experimental, utilizando como métodos empíricos a revisão documental, a observação científica e a entrevista não estruturada; foi utilizada a estatística inferencial por meio do teste de postos de Wilcoxon para amostras relacionadas, o que permitiu conhecer a eficiência dos exercícios especiais aplicados. A qualidade da metodologia foi corroborada pelos resultados obtidos na aplicação de critérios de especialistas na variante "Delphi" e no pré-experimento, confirmados por diferentes técnicas estatísticas que destacam a funcionalidade, a sustentabilidade, a relevância e a viabilidade da proposta.

Physical preparation, as part of training of the cadets, seeks to put the practitioner in optimal condition, perfects their natural aptitudes and develops their physical capabilities to the maximum through systematic exercises. In this sense, the speed of reaction during self-defense is an important aspect to address; however, the observation and analysis of the educational reality at the Institute of Higher Education of the Ministry of the Interior, in Santiago de Cuba, revealed insufficiencies that limit the achievement of high levels in reaction speed. The objective of the study was to develop a methodology for the development of reaction speed during self-defense, in the cadets of the State Security Sciences career of the Ministry of the Interior. In this line of thought, research was carried out with a mixed approach and quasi-experimental design that used documentary review, scientific observation and unstructured interviews as empirical methods; inferential statistics was used through the Wilcoxon rank test for related samples, which made it possible to know the efficiency of the special exercises that were applied. The quality of the methodology was corroborated by the results obtained in the application of expert criteria in the "Delphi" variant and of the pre-experiment, confirmed by different statistical techniques that highlight the functionality, sustainability, relevance and feasibility of the proposal.

Clinical determinants of the modified incremental step test in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis / Determinantes clínicos do teste do degrau incremental modificado em adultos com bronquiectasia não fibrocística

ABSTRACT Objectives: This study primarily aimed to investigate the clinical determinants of the Modified Incremental Step Test (MIST) in adults with non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis (NCFB). A secondary objective was to compare the cardiopulmonary responses after the MIST and Incremental Shuttle Walk Test (ISWT), two commonly adopted symptom-limited maximum field tests in chronic respiratory diseases. Methods: Forty-six patients with clinically stable bronchiectasis participated in this cross-sectional study. MIST and ISWT were performed to determine exercise capacity, while disease severity, fatigue, and quality of life were assessed using the Bronchiectasis Severity Index (BSI), the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), respectively. Quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated using a hand-held dynamometer, walking speed with a wireless inertial sensing device, and the level of physical activity (steps/day) with a pedometer. Results: The BSI score, quadriceps muscle strength, daily step count, and the SGRQ total score explained 61.9% of the variance in the MIST (p < 0.001, R2 = 0.67, AR2 = 0.619). The BSI score (r = -0.412, p = 0.004), quadriceps muscle strength (r = 0.574, p = 0.001), daily step count (r = 0.523, p < 0.001), walking speed (r = 0.402, p = 0.006), FSS score (r = -0.551, p < 0.001), and SGRQ total score (r = -0.570, p < 0.001) correlated with the MIST. The patients achieved higher heart rates (HR), HR%, desaturation, dyspnea, and leg fatigue in the MIST compared to the ISWT (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Disease severity, quadriceps muscle strength, physical activity level, and quality of life were determinants of MIST. The advantages of the MIST, including higher cardiopulmonary response than ISWT and greater portability, which facilitates its use in various settings, make MIST the preferred choice for investigating symptom-limited exercise capacity in patients with NCFB.

RESUMO Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar os determinantes clínicos do Teste do Degrau Incremental Modificado (TDIM) em adultos com bronquiectasia não fibrocística (BNFC). Um objetivo secundário foi comparar as respostas cardiopulmonares após o TDIM e o Teste Graduado de Caminhada (TGC), dois testes de campo máximos amplamente adotados e limitados por sintomas em doenças respiratórias crônicas. Métodos: Quarenta e seis pacientes com bronquiectasia clinicamente estável participaram deste estudo transversal. O TDIM e TGC foram realizados para determinar a capacidade de exercício, enquanto a gravidade da doença, fadiga e qualidade de vida foram avaliadas usando o Índice de Gravidade da Bronquiectasia (BSI), a Escala de Gravidade da Fadiga (FSS) e o Questionário Respiratório de Saint George (SGRQ), respectivamente. A força muscular do quadríceps foi avaliada usando um dinamômetro manual, a velocidade de caminhada com um dispositivo de sensor inercial sem fio e o nível de atividade física (passos/dia) com um pedômetro. Resultados: O escore BSI, a força muscular do quadríceps, a contagem diária de passos e o escore total do SGRQ explicaram 61,9% da variação no TDIM (p < 0,001, R2 = 0,67, AR2 = 0,619). O escore BSI (r = -0,412, p = 0,004), a força muscular do quadríceps (r = 0,574, p = 0,001), a contagem diária de passos (r = 0,523, p < 0,001), a velocidade de caminhada (r = 0,402, p = 0,006), o escore FSS (r = -0,551, p < 0,001) e o escore total do SGRQ (r = -0,570, p < 0,001) correlacionaram-se com o TDIM. Os pacientes atingiram maiores frequências cardíacas (FC), FC%, dessaturação, dispneia e fadiga nas pernas no TDIM em comparação com o TGC (p < 0,05). Conclusões: A gravidade da doença, a força muscular do quadríceps, o nível de atividade física e a qualidade de vida foram determinantes do TDIM. As vantagens do TDIM, incluindo uma resposta cardiopulmonar mais elevada que no TGC e maior portabilidade, que facilita sua utilização em diversos ambientes, fazem do TDIM a escolha preferencial para investigar a capacidade de exercício limitada por sintomas em pacientes com BNFC.

The Influence of Morphological Characteristics on the Ball Throwing Velocity in the Professional Handball Players / Influencia de las Características Morfológicas en la Velocidad de Lanzamiento del Balón en los Jugadores Profesionales de Balonmano

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine influence of upper limbs on the ball throwing velocity. A total of 10 professional handball players (25.74±4.84 years) participated in this study. All of them were playing in the top Montenegrin professional handball league. The results obtained in this study shows that upper limbs have high influence on ball throwing velocity. This study provides normative data and performance standards for professional handball. Coaches can use this information to determine the type of anthropometric characteristics that are needed for handball. Anthropometric parameters such as arm length, wrist diameter, hand length and arm span are the most relevant aspects related to ball throwing speed, given that these parameters cannot be changed through training, they should be taken into account when discovering talents.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de los miembros superiores sobre la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota. En el estudio participaron un total de 10 jugadores profesionales de balonmano (25,74±4,84 años). Todos ellos jugaban en la principal liga profesional de balonmano de Montenegro. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los miembros superiores tienen una alta influencia en la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota. Este estudio proporciona datos normativos y estándares de rendimiento para el balonmano profesional. Los entrenadores pueden utilizar esta información para determinar el tipo de características antropométricas necesarias para el balonmano. Los parámetros antropométricos como la longitud del brazo, el diámetro de la muñeca, la longitud de la mano y la envergadura del brazo son los aspectos más relevantes relacionados con la velocidad de lanzamiento de la pelota, dado que estos parámetros no se pueden cambiar mediante el entrenamiento, deben tenerse en consideración a la hora de descubrir talentos.

Correlación entre la Velocidad de Marcha y Largo del Paso en Personas Mayores de la Cuarta Edad que Viven en la Comunidad / Correlation between Walking Speed and Step Length in Seniors Living in the Community

Introducción. La población de personas mayores de la cuarta edad (≥80 años) crece a gran velocidad. Esta se diferencia de la tercera edad en cuanto a su funcionalidad. Es sabido que mientras menor sea la velocidad de la marcha en esta población, mayor es el riesgo de deterioro cognitivo, sarcopenia, discapacidad e institucionalización. La velocidad de marcha disminuida es un predictor importante de deterioro en el rendimiento físico. Objetivo. Determinar la correlación entre la velocidad de marcha, fuerza de miembros inferiores y largo del paso en personas mayores de cuarta edad que viven en la comunidad. Métodos. Estudio transversal en personas mayores saludables de la cuarta edad (n=14; 8 mujeres; 88 ± 3 años; 26,3 ± 3,4 kg·m-2) que fueron sometidas a evaluaciones de rendimiento físico, tales como largo del paso; fuerza de miembros inferiores a través de 1 Repetición Máxima (1RM) de extensión de rodilla en ambos miembros inferiores y velocidad de marcha en 4 metros. Los datos se presentan como media±desviación estándar. Se consideró un valor de P significativo < 0.05. Resultados. Se observó una correlación positiva moderada entre el largo del paso y la velocidad de marcha (R=0,794; P=0,001). No existieron correlaciones entre la fuerza de miembros inferiores y largo del paso (R=0,478; P=0,084), tampoco entre las variables de fuerza y velocidad de marcha (R=0,441; P=0.115). Conclusión. Las personas mayores de cuarta edad presentan una correlación positiva entre su velocidad de marcha y largo del paso.

Background. The population of people older than the fourth age (≥80 years) is growing rapidly. This differs from the third age in terms of its functionality. It is known that the lower the gait speed in this population, the greater the risk of cognitive impairment, sarcopenia, disability and institutionalization. Decreased gait speed is an important predictor of deterioration in physical performance. Objetive. To determine the correlation between gait speed, lower limb strength and stride length in fourth age people (≥80 years) who live in the community. Methods. Cross-sectional study in healthy older people of the fourth age (n=14; 8 women; 88 ± 3 years; 26.3 ± 3.4 kg·m-2) who underwent physical performance evaluations, such as long of the step; strength of lower limbs through 1 Maximum Repetition (1RM) of knee extension in both lower limbs and walking speed in 4 meters. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. A significant P value < 0.05 was considered. Results. A moderate positive correlation was observed between stride length and gait speed (R=0.794; P=0.001). There were no correlations between the strength of the lower limbs and stride length (R=0.478; P=0.084), nor between the variables of strength and gait speed (R=0.441; P=0.115). Conclusion. Fourth age older people older present a positive correlation between their walking speed and stride length.

Factores que afectan el comportamiento de la arrancada en los velocistas escolares categoría 12-15 años

En la provincia Pinar del Río, en los últimos cinco años se ha notado cierto descenso de los rendimientos de los corredores de distancias cortas. Entre uno de los aspectos que incide en ello figura el pobre aprovechamiento de la arrancada. Esta investigación se realizó con el objetivo de analizar del comportamiento, en la arrancada de la carrera de 100 metros planos de los velocistas escolares categoría 12-15 años de la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva de Pinar del Río. En la actualidad, se procura personalizar el tipo de arrancada a las características específicas de cada atleta, local para garantizar un aprovechamiento óptimo de sus características antropométricas, potencia muscular, distancia de carrera y ubicación en la pista. El estudio se llevó a cabo con los ocho atletas de la categoría 12-15 años, sexo masculino, matriculados en el área de velocidad en la Escuela de Iniciación Deportiva de Pinar del Río. Se realizó una revisión documental del proceso de entrenamiento de la arrancada baja que se lleva a cabo en los velocistas escolares, además de aplicar otros métodos empíricos como: la observación a los entrenamientos, la medición y la técnica de encuesta. Los resultados arrojados muestran que existen factores en el proceso de entrenamiento que atentan contra el éxito competitivo de estos atletas; esto genera necesidad de organizar acciones en un orden secuencial, lógica que permitan su perfeccionamiento en base al ajuste a los cambios de la condición de estos sujetos.

Na província de Pinar del Río, nos últimos cinco anos, notou-se uma certa diminuição no desempenho dos corredores de curta distância. Um dos aspectos que afeta isso é o mau aproveitamento da largada. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de analisar o comportamento na largada da corrida de 100 metros rasos de velocistas escolares da categoria 12-15 anos da Escola de Iniciação Esportiva Pinar del Río. Atualmente, são feitos esforços para personalizar o tipo de largada às características específicas de cada atleta local para garantir o aproveitamento ideal de suas características antropométricas, potência muscular, distância de corrida e localização na pista. O estudo foi realizado com oito atletas da categoria 12 a 15 anos, do sexo masculino, matriculados na área de velocidade da Escola de Iniciação Esportiva Pinar del Río. Foi realizada uma revisão documental do processo de treinamento low start realizado em velocistas escolares, além de aplicar outros métodos empíricos como: observação ao treinamento, medição e técnica de levantamento. Os resultados mostram que existem fatores no processo de treinamento que ameaçam o sucesso competitivo desses atletas; Isso gera a necessidade de organizar as ações em uma ordem sequencial e lógica que permita seu aprimoramento a partir do ajuste às mudanças na condição desses sujeitos.

SUMMARY In the Pinar del Río province, in the last five years a certain decrease in the performance of short distance runners has been noted. One of the aspects that affects this is the poor use of the start. This research was carried out with the objective of analyzing the behavior at the start of the 100-meter dash race of school sprinters in the 12-15-year category of the Pinar del Río Sports Initiation School. Currently, efforts are made to personalize the type of start to the specific characteristics of each local athlete to guarantee optimal use of their anthropometric characteristics, muscular power, race distance and location on the track. The study was carried out with eight athletes in the 12-15-year-old category, male, enrolled in the speed area at the Pinar del Río Sports Initiation School. A documentary review of the low start training process carried out in school sprinters was carried out, in addition to applying other empirical methods such as: observation to training, measurement and survey technique. The results show that there are factors in the training process that threaten the competitive success of these athletes; this generates the need to organize actions in a sequential, logical order that allows their improvement based on adjustment to changes in the condition of these subjects.

Physical Fitness Parameters of Elite Chinese Male Canoe Slalom Paddlers / Parámetros de Aptitud Física de los Remeros Masculinos Chinos de Élite en Canoa Slalom

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the physical fitness parameters of elite Chinese male canoe slalom athletes and explore the corresponding training strategies. Eight elite male slalom kayakers from the Chinese national team were selected as research subjects. The following parameters were measured: age, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), arm span, upper arm circumference, body fat percentage, maximum oxygen uptake, heart rate, blood lactic acid level, upper limb strength, and 300-m linear speed in flat water. Compared with elite international male slalom athletes, elite Chinese male slalom athletes had lower values for age, height, weight, BMI, arm span, and upper arm circumference, while body fat percentage, bench push, and bench pull values were greater, and the 300 m straight-line speed in flat water was slower. From an athlete development and physical training perspective, elite Chinese male slalom athletes should prioritize the accumulation of competitive experience instead of increasing training years in order to swiftly reach top international standards. Additionally, these athletes should manage their body fat percentage and improve their aerobic capacity, paddling skills, mechanical work, and linear speed in flat water.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los parámetros de aptitud física de los atletas masculinos chinos de élite de canoa slalom y explorar las estrategias de entrenamiento correspondientes. Ocho hombres kayakistas de élite de slalom del equipo nacional chino fueron seleccionados como sujetos de investigación. Se midieron los siguientes parámetros: edad, talla, peso, índice de masa corporal (IMC), envergadura, perímetro braquial, porcentaje de grasa corporal, consumo máximo de oxígeno, frecuencia cardiaca, nivel de ácido láctico en sangre, fuerza de los miembros superiores y carrera de 300 m y velocidad lineal en agua plana. En comparación con los atletas internacionales masculinos de slalom de élite, los atletas chinos de slalom masculinos de élite tenían valores más bajos para la edad, la altura, el peso, el IMC, la envergadura del brazo y la circunferencia del brazo superior, mientras que los valores de porcentaje de grasa corporal, empuje de banco y tirón de banco eran mayores y la velocidad en línea recta de 300 m en aguas planas fue más lenta. Desde la perspectiva del desarrollo del atleta y el entrenamiento físico, los atletas de slalom masculinos chinos de élite deberían priorizar la acumulación de experiencia competitiva en lugar de aumentar los años de entrenamiento para alcanzar rápidamente los más altos estándares internacionales. Además, estos atletas deben controlar su porcentaje de grasa corporal y mejorar su capacidad aeróbica, habilidades de remo, trabajo mecánico y velocidad lineal en aguas tranquilas.

Velocidad de procesamiento en escolares chilenos con y sin Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad (TDAH) / Processing Speed in Chilean Schoolchildren With and Without Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) / Velocidade de processamento em estudantes chilenos com e sem Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção e Hiperatividade (TDAH)

El TDAH es el trastorno del neurodesarrollo más diagnosticado en escolares. La evidencia indica que las funciones ejecutivas, como es el caso de la velocidad de procesamiento y la memoria de trabajo, están afectadas en estudiantes con TDAH, aunque no existe un acuerdo definitivo sobre su presencia sistemática en este trastorno. Esta investigación pretende determinar si la velocidad de procesamiento y la memoria de trabajo corresponden a variables cognitivas en el TDAH. Participaron 138 estudiantes de 10 a 17 años. Se determinó TDAH con la escala VADTRS; se evaluó velocidad de procesamiento con una tarea de rapidez grafomotora y memoria de trabajo con una tarea de dígitos. Se utilizó un diseño transversal, univariante e intersujeto para el análisis de los datos. El VADTRS detectó un grupo con TDAH (N = 97) y otro sin TDAH (N = 41). A ambos grupos se aplicaron tareas de velocidad de procesamiento y memoria de trabajo; los análisis permitieron detectar diferencias significativas en estas variables entre los grupos con y sin TDAH. El grupo con TDAH fue dividido según su presentación; no se detectaron diferencias significativas en velocidad de procesamiento; la memoria de trabajo mostró un rendimiento significativa- mente menor en las presentaciones de TDAH inatenta y combinada. La velocidad de procesamiento y la memoria de trabajo parecen distinguir entre sujetos con y sin TDAH, la velocidad de procesamiento no parece distinguir entre presentaciones y la memoria de trabajo aparece alterada en aquellas presentaciones en que el componente atencional es definitorio

ADHD is the most commonly diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder in schoolchildren. Evidence indicates that executive functions, such as processing speed and working memory, are affected in students with ADHD, although there is no definitive agreement on their sys- tematic presence in this disorder. This research aims to determine whether processing speed and working memory correspond to cognitive variables in ADHD. A total of 138 students aged 10 to 17 years participated. ADHD was determined with the VADTRS scale; processing speed was assessed with a graphomotor speed task and working memory with a digit task. A cross-sectional, univariate, intersubject design was used for data analy- sis. The VADTRS detected one group with ADHD (N = 97) and one without ADHD (N = 41). Processing speed and working memory tasks were applied to both groups; analyses detected significant differences in these variables between the ADHD and non- ADHD groups. The ADHD group was divided according to presentation; no significant differences were detected in processing speed; working memory showed significantly lower performance in the inattentive and combined ADHD presentations. Processing speed and working memory appear to distinguish between subjects with and without ADHD, processing speed does not appear to distinguish between presentations, and working memory appears impaired in those presentations in which the attentional component is defining.

O TDAH é o distúrbio de desenvolvimento neurológico mais frequentemente diagnosticado em crianças em idade escolar. As provas indicam que as funções executivas, tais como a velocidade de processamento e a memória de trabalho, são afectadas nos estudantes com TDAH, embora não haja um acordo definitivo sobre a sua presença sistemática nesta doença. Esta investiga- ção visa determinar se a velocidade de processamento e a memória de trabalho correspondem a variáveis cognitivas na TDAH. Um total de 138 estudantes com idades compreendidas entre os 10 e os 17 anos participaram. A TDAH foi determinada com a escala VADTRS; a velocidade de processamento foi avaliada com uma tarefa de velocidade grafomotora e a memória de trabalho com uma tarefa de dígitos. Foi utilizado um desenho transversal, univariado e intersubjecto para análise de dados. O VADTRS detectou um grupo com ADHD (N = 97) e um grupo sem ADHD (N = 41). Ambos os grupos foram administrados com velocidade de processamento e tarefas de memória de trabalho; as análises detectaram diferenças significativas nestas variáveis entre os grupos com ADHD e sem ADHD. O grupo TDAH foi dividido de acordo com a apresentação; não foram detectadas diferenças significativas na velocidade de processamento; a memória de trabalho mostrou um desempenho significativamente inferior nas apresentações de TDAH desatenta e combinada. A velocidade de processamento e a memória de trabalho parecem distinguir entre assuntos com e sem TDAH; a velocidade de processamento não parece distinguir entre apresentações e memória de trabalho parece prejudicada nas apresentações em que a componente atencional está a definir

Concepción teórica para favorecer la transferencia de la rapidez de movimientos técnicos en el lanzamiento del martillo

El presente artículo se realizó a partir de detectar insuficiencias teórico-metodológicas y prácticas en el proceso de preparación técnica del lanzador de martillo categoría escolar; por tal razón, se propuso como objetivo general elaborar una concepción teórica para favorecer el entrenamiento en la transferencia de la rapidez de movimientos técnicos de los giros al instante final del lanzamiento del martillo, en atletas categoría escolar de la Eide "Pedro Batista Fonseca" de la provincia de Granma. Para el logro del objetivo antes expuesto se emplearon métodos de la investigación científica como los teóricos, el análisis y síntesis, el hipotético-deductivo y el sistémico estructural funcional; dentro de los empíricos, el análisis de documentos, la observación y la medición y como método matemático-estadístico la estadística descriptiva, además, se utilizó como técnica de investigación la entrevista. La propuesta permitió la sistematización de aquellos elementos relacionados directamente con la transferencia en el deporte y el proceso de entrenamiento del lanzador de martillo; de tal manera se previó, con su aplicación, el perfeccionamiento técnico de los atletas implicados en la investigación, así como un incremento en su rendimiento y resultados deportivos.

O presente artigo foi realizado a partir da detecção de insuficiências teórico-metodológicas e práticas no processo de preparação técnica do arremessador de martelos da categoria escola; por esta razão, foi proposto como objetivo geral elaborar uma concepção teórica para favorecer o treinamento na transferência da velocidade dos movimentos técnicos das voltas para o instante final do arremesso do martelo, na categoria escola atletas do Eide "Pedro Batista Fonseca" da província de Granma. Para alcançar o objetivo acima mencionado, foram utilizados métodos de pesquisa científica, tais como métodos teóricos, de análise e síntese, hipotéticos-dedutivos e estruturais-funcionais sistêmicos; dentro dos métodos empíricos, análise de documentos, observação e medição, e estatística descritiva como método matemático-estatístico; além disso, a entrevista foi utilizada como técnica de pesquisa. A proposta permitiu a sistematização daqueles elementos diretamente relacionados com a transferência no esporte e o processo de treinamento do martelo lançador; de tal forma que, com sua aplicação, foi previsto o aperfeiçoamento técnico dos atletas envolvidos na pesquisa, bem como um aumento de seu desempenho e resultados esportivos.

The present article was carried out from the detection of theoretical-methodological and practical insufficiencies in the process of technical preparation of the school category hammer thrower; For this reason, it was proposed as a general objective to develop a theoretical conception to favor training in the transfer of the speed of technical movements of the turns to the final moment of the hammer throw, in school category athletes of the Eide" Pedro Batista Fonseca" of Granma province. To achieve the aforementioned objective, scientific research methods such as theoretical, analysis and synthesis, hypothetical-deductive and structural-functional systemic were used; within the empirical, the analysis of documents, observation and measurement and as a mathematical-statistical method descriptive statistics, in addition, the interview was used as a research technique. The proposal allowed the systematization of those elements directly related to the transfer in sport and the training process of the hammer thrower; In this way, with its application, the technical improvement of the athletes involved in the research was foreseen, as well as an increase in their performance and sports results.

A STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS DIMENSIONS OF E- PAYMENT SYSTEM WITH DIFFERENT BENEFITS OF E-PAYMENT SYSTEM TO THE STAKEHOLDERS

The implementation of digital payment mechanism has changed the basics of money payment as a medium of exchange. The revolutionary changes that happened in the Information Communication Technology (ICT) has paved the way for drastic changes in various spheres of activities such as government to citizens government to business government to government government to employee and government to foreign trade. In line with the developments that have been taking place across the world in Electronic Payment System (EPS) changes have taken place in the UAE also. The rulers of the country are keen in establishing a high-tech oriented EPS system supported by the platform of knowledge management (KM) system. The study is an effort to explore various dimensions of EPS such as security speed ease of payment convenience and control and its importance in generating various bene?ts to the stakeholders in the form of value driven bene?ts citizen driven bene?ts economic cost driven bene?ts and technology driven bene?ts. The study attempts to ?nd out the relationship between various dimensions of EPS on stakeholders bene?t in the UAE.

Associação entre declínio cognitivo, sintomas depressivos e do medo de cair com a velocidade da marcha confortável em idosos comunitários / Association between cognitive decline, depressive symptoms and the fear of falling with the speed gait in community-dwelling older adults

Diminuições na velocidade da marcha (VM) estão associadas a desfechos adversos na saúde física e mental em idosos. Assim, torna-se relevante identificar fatores que podem associar-se com a VM confortável em idosos, de forma a propor estratégias para prevenção de alterações na mobilidade. Objetivo: verificar a associação entre declínio cognitivo, sintomas depressivos e do medo de cair com a VM confortável em idosos comunitários. Métodos: tratou-se de um estudo transversal, com amostra probabilística, incluindo 308 idosos comunitários. O desfecho do estudo foi a VM confortável, sendo considerado como baixo desempenho VM < 0,8m/s. As variáveis preditoras foram 1) declínio cognitivo avaliado pelo Mini Exame do Estado Mental, 2) sintomas depressivos avaliados com a Escala de Depressão Geriátrica Abreviada e 3) medo de cair avaliado pela Falls Efficacy Scale ­ Brasil. Para analisar a associação entre as variáveis foi utilizada a Regressão Logística Multivariada. Resultados: idosos tiveram chances significativamente maiores de apresentar baixo desempenho na VM confortável quando apresentaram declínio cognitivo (OR: 4,67; IC95%: 1,68; 12,94), sintomas depressivos (OR: 2,90; IC95%: 1,42; 5,92) e medo de cair (OR: 4,08; IC95%: 1,72; 9,71) quando comparados aos que não tiveram essas condições. Conclusão: o declínio cognitivo, sintomas depressivos e medo de cair foram associados ao baixo desempenho na VM confortável nos idosos amostrados. Esses achados podem servir para identificação precoce dos fatores que estão associados a alterações na VM confortável, contribuindo para a proposição de estratégias públicas em saúde e no direcionamento de atividades de promoção em saúde para idosos comunitários.(AU)

Decreases in gait speed (GS) are associated with adverse outcomes in the physical and mental health of the elderly. Thus, it is relevant to identify factors that can be associated with comfortable GS in community-dwelling older adults, to propose strategies to prevent changes in mobility. Objective: To verify the association between cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, and fear of falling with comfortable GS in community-dwelling older adults. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with a probabilistic sample, including 308 community-dwelling older adults. The study outcome was comfortable GS, being considered as low-performance MV < 0.8m/s. Predictive variables were 1) cognitive decline assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination, 2) depressive symptoms assessed by the Abbreviated Geriatric Depression Scale, and 3) fear of falling assessed by the Falls Efficacy Scale - Brasil. Multivariate Logistic Regression was used to verify the association between the variables. Results: Community-dwelling older adults were significantly more likely to have poor performance in comfortable GS when they presented cognitive decline (OR: 4.67; 95%CI: 1.68; 12.94), depressive symptoms (OR: 2.90; 95%CI: 1 .42; 5.92), and fear of falling (OR: 4.08; 95%CI: 1.72; 9.71) when compared to those who did not have these conditions. Conclusion: Cognitive decline, depressive symptoms, and fear of falling were associated with poor performance in comfortable GS in the community-dwelling older adults sampled. These findings can serve for early identification of factors that are associated with changes in comfortable GS, contributing to the proposition of public health strategies and in directing health promotion activities for community-dwelling older adults.(AU)

Development of speed indexes in student physical fitness tests / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#Speed is an important component of physical fitness testing for students around the world. On the whole, the different testing systems usually set up various indexes based on the moving speed, action speed and reaction speed; the indexes are diverse but uniform in number; there are differences in the age of application of the indexes and no gender differences. As far as the classification of indexes is concerned, there are two types of movement:sprinting and shuttle run, for the moving speed test indexes; there are differences in the need for action speed and reaction speed tests. Based on this, from the perspective of energy metabolism and health benefits, the properties and testing methods for measuring moving speed and the need for action speed and reaction speed testing are analyzed. The study shows that acceleration capability should be a measured attribute of moving speed，the 30 m running can be used as a general index of moving speed for all students; the shuttle run is not suitable as an index of moving speed; action speed is less correlated with physical health, so it should not be included in the testing system for the time being; and reaction speed which closely relates to physical health,should be included in the testing system.

The clinical symptoms and neurocognitive impairment of first-episode deficit and nondeficit subtype of schizophrenia / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To ulteriorly explore the differences of psychotic symptoms and neurocognitive between patients with first-episode deficit subtype of schizophrenia (FDS) and patients with first-episode nondeficit subtype of schizophrenia (FNDS).Methods:From January 2021 to September 2021, a total of 88 first-episode treatment-naive schizophrenia were recruited from the Mental Health Center of West China Hospital and divided into FDS group( n=44) and FNDS group( n=44) according to the schedule for the deficit syndrome (SDS), and 44 healthy subjects were included as healthy control group (HC group, n=44). Positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) was used to assess psychotic symptoms of patients and Wechsler adult intelligence scale, trail making test and logic memory test were used to evaluate intelligence quotient and neurocognitive function of all subjects.SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis, and independent samples t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to compare variables that met normal distribution, while the Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis H test were used to compare variables that did not meet normal distribution. Results:(1) There were significant differences in psychotic symptoms between the FDS group and the FNDS group.Compared with the FNDS group, the FDS group had higher total score of PANSS ((95.95±16.82) vs (88.39±16.29)), negative symptoms ((27.57±7.52) vs (16.57±5.76)) and anergastic reaction ((13.43±3.82) vs (7.00(5.00, 9.00)), and lower positive symptoms scores ((21.95±6.88) vs (25.41±6.07)), activation ((8.00(5.00, 9.00) vs (9.27±3.47)), depression ((5.50(4.00, 9.00) vs (8.00(6.00, 12.00)) and supplementary item ((13.60±4.17) vs (17.30±5.39))(all P<0.05). (2) There were differences in neurocognitive functions between FDS group and FNDS group, and which in FDS and FNDS group were worse than that in HC group.Spatial memory (block design test: (23.70±11.05) vs (31.72±11.49)) and information processing speed (digit symbol test: (38.38±15.85) vs (47.97±14.99)) of FDS group were significantly lower than those of FNDS group(both P<0.05). Intelligence quotient, information processing speed and spatial memory of FDS group and FNDS group were lower than those of HC group(all P<0.05). Conclusion:FDS patients has more severe negative symptoms and anergastic reaction, and exit worse information processing speed and spatial memory dysfunction than FNDS patients.This unique pattern of impairment suggests that information processing speed and spatial memory may be important classification indicators for differentiating the deficit subtype of schizophrenia in the early stage.

Effects of Groove Topography on Migration of Cervical Cancer HeLa Cells / 医用生物力学

Objective To investigate the effects of groove topography on morphology and migration speed of cervical cancer HeLa cells. Methods HeLa cells were cultured on PDMS substrates with four different surface features, namely, flat substrate, 10 μm width parallel groove, 20 μm width parallel groove, bifurcate groove. Immunofluorescence technique was used to transfect F-actin in HeLa cells, and specific probes Mito-Tracker Green were used to label mitochondria. The location, morphology of cells and distribution of mitochondrial at different moments were obtained through the living cell system. Results Compared with 20 μm width parallel groove and flat substrate, HeLa cells in 10 μm width parallel groove were more orderly arranged and more elongated, but their migration speed was much slower. HeLa cells at the bifurcation protruded into branches and mitochondria were mainly distributed at the protrusion and around the nucleus. The bifurcation reduced the average migration speed of HeLa cells in 10 μm width parallel groove. Conclusions Groove topography has a significant effect on morphology and migration speed of HeLa cells. The research findings help to understand the role of topography in in vivo microenvironment during migration of HeLa cells, and provide references for the subsequent research on invasion and metastasis of cervical cancers.

Progress of research on evaluation indicators and standards about high-speed train comfort / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

The rapid development of high-speed railway in China has proposed higher requests for the comfort level of high-speed trains. However, there is no internationally unified evaluation criterion for high-speed train comfort currently, which therefore substantially affects the comparability and standardization of research results for high-speed train comfort. This paper systematically reviews the research literature about evaluation indicators and standards related to high-speed train comfort, and finds that there is currently no unified definition, evaluation indicators, as well as evaluation criterion for high-speed train comfort. Most current evaluation criteria are based on a single indicator. Some indicators are simultaneously developed by different apartments and differ between each other, and there is no comprehensive indicator or criteria for high-speed train comfort, restricting the comparison of high-speed train comfort across regions. It is recommended that the administrative department of high-speed railroad in China should organize experts to establish a unified definition of high-speed train comfort, comprehensive evaluation indicators and relevant judgment criteria for high-speed train comfort, in face of the rapid development and globalization of high-speed trains.

Application of high-speed counter current chromatography in extraction and separation of alkaloids in natural products / 中国中药杂志

Alkaloids, widespread in plants, have a series of pharmacological activities and have been widely used to treat various diseases. Because alkaloids are usually presented in multicomponent mixtures and are deeply low in content, they are very difficult to extract and separate by traditional methods. High-speed counter current chromatography(HSCCC) is a kind of liquid-liquid chromatography without solid support phase, which has the advantages of large injection volume, low cost, and no irreversible adsorption. Compared with the traditional methods of extraction and separation of alkaloids, HSCCC can ensure the separation of many different alkaloids at one time, with a high recovery and large amount. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of HSCCC compared with traditional separation methods were discussed and the solvent system and elution mode of HSCCC used to separate alkaloids in recent years were summarized by referring to the relevant literature to provide some references for the separation of alkaloids by HSCCC.

Assessment of the components of sarcopenia and quality of life perceived of individuals on hemodialysis / Evaluación de componentes de sarcopenia y calidad de vida percibida de individuos en hemodiálisis / Avaliação dos componentes da sarcopenia e qualidade de vida percebida de indivíduos em hemodiálise

ABSTRACT Objectives: to evaluate the prevalence of sarcopenia in individuals aged 50 years or older on hemodialysis; to verify the association between sarcopenia and sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric factors, components of sarcopenia and quality of life (QoL); and to correlate the components of sarcopenia with QoL. Methods: Participated 83 individuals on hemodialysis. Sarcopenia was established according to the current European consensus. Dynamometry to determine strength, calf circumference (CC) and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index (ASMMI) to obtain muscle mass and gait speed (GS) for physical performance. For QoL used the WHOQOL-bref. Results: the prevalence of sarcopenia was 32.6% (CC) and 18.1% (ASMMI). There was no association between sarcopenia and QoL. Both handgrip strength (r=0.25) and GS (r=0.36) showed a correlation with physical domain. Conclusions: sarcopenia was expressive, and the aspects of functionality determine the physical impairment in this population.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la prevalencia de sarcopenia en individuos de 50 años o más en hemodiálisis, verificar la asociación entre la sarcopenia y factores sociodemográficos, clínicos, antropométricos, componentes de la sarcopenia y la calidad de vida (CV), y para correlacionar los componentes de la sarcopenia con la CV. Métodos: Participaron 83 individuos en hemodiálisis. La sarcopenia se estableció de acuerdo con el consenso europeo vigente. Dinamometría para determinar la fuerza, la circunferencia de la pantorrilla (CP) y el índice de masa muscular esquelética apendicular (IMMEA) para obtener la masa muscular y la velocidad de la marcha (VM) para el rendimiento físico. Para CV el WHOQOL-bref. Resultados: la prevalencia de sarcopenia fue de 32,6% (CP) y 18,1% (IMMEA). No hubo asociación entre sarcopenia y CV. Tanto la fuerza de prensión manual (r=0,25) como la VM (r=0,36) se correlacionaron con el dominio físico. Conclusiones: la sarcopenia fue significativa y los aspectos de funcionalidad, determinan el deterioro físico en esta población.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de sarcopenia em indivíduos com 50 anos ou mais em hemodiálise, verificar a associação entre a sarcopenia e os fatores sociodemográficos, clínicos, antropométricos, componentes da sarcopenia e qualidade de vida (QV), e correlacionar os componentes da sarcopenia com a QV. Métodos: Participaram 83 indivíduos em hemodiálise. A sarcopenia foi estabelecida segundo consenso europeu vigente. A dinamometria para determinação da força, a circunferência da panturrilha (CP) e o índice de massa muscular esquelética apendicular (IMMEA) para a obtenção da massa muscular e a velocidade de caminhada (VC) para o desempenho físico. Para QV utilizou-se WHOQOL-bref. Resultados: a prevalência de sarcopenia foi de 32,6% (CP) e 18,1% (IMMEA). Não houve associação entre a sarcopenia e QV. Tanto a força de preensão manual (r=0,25) quanto a VC (r=0,36) apresentaram correlação com domínio físico. Conclusões: a sarcopenia foi expressiva e os aspectos da funcionalidade determinam o comprometimento físico nessa população.

Efecto de la retroalimentación visual sobre la velocidad de la marcha después de un accidente cerebrovascular: diseño de caso único / Effects of Visual Feedback on Walking Speed for Stroke Patients: Single-case Design

Introducción. La recuperación de la marcha es uno de los principales objetivos en rehabilitación después de un ACV. Basados en los principios de aprendizaje motor, se han desarrollado nuevas estrategias en neurorrehabilitación basadas en la práctica repetitiva, orientada a la tarea y la retroalimentación. Esto último ha demostrado ser una de las variables clave para el entrenamiento, por su fácil obtención y manipulación. Sin embargo, aún no existen estudios concluyentes que permitan identificar el efecto real de esta variable y su influencia en la recuperación y el desempeño funcional de la marcha. Objetivo. Determinar el efecto de la retroalimentación visual sobre la velocidad de la marcha después de un accidente cerebrovascular en adultos con estadios subagudos y crónicos. Metodología. Diseño de caso único de línea de base múltiple, aleatorio no concurrente de cuatro participantes. Se evaluó la velocidad de la marcha determinando las diferencias en el nivel, la tendencia, la estabilidad de los datos y la no superposición de datos mediante el análisis visual basado en la documentación técnica para diseños de caso único de la What Works Clearinghouse. Resultados. Cuatro participantes con rango de edad de 19 a 73 años fueron incluidos en el estudio. El cambio en el nivel para todos los participantes demostró un incremento en los valores de la velocidad de la marcha después de la introducción de la intervención (media: 0.76 m/s). El análisis visual de la tendencia estimó aceleración para la línea de intervención para tres participantes. Los datos en la fase de base e intervención cumplieron el criterio de estabilidad medido con el método de banda de dos desviaciones estándar (media: 0.05 m/s); los patrones de cambio demostraron efecto inmediato con mejoría gradual durante la intervención para los participantes 1, 3 y 4. El porcentaje de no superposición de datos mostró efectividad de la intervención para tres de los participantes (PND >91.67%). Conclusiones. Los hallazgos presentados en este estudio representan un aporte científico que respalda la pertinencia del uso y aplicación de los principios de aprendizaje motor para el desarrollo de nuevas estrategias en rehabilitación motora. Sin embargo, este estudio constituye un primer paso para realizar estudios más robustos que incluyan replicación de las fases en el estudio y la evaluación del seguimiento para determinar la permanencia de los efectos a largo plazo.

Introduction. Gait recovery is one of the main goals in post-stroke rehabilitation. Based on the principles of motor learning, new strategies have been developed in neurorehabilitation based on repetitive, task-oriented practice, and feedback. The latter has proven to be one of the most critical variables for training, because it is easy to obtain and manipulate. However, there are still no conclusive studies to identify the real effect of this variable and its influence on recovery and functional gait performance. Objective. To determine the effect of visual feedback on gait speed after stroke in adults with subacute and chronic stages.Methodology. Single-case, multiple baseline, non-concurrent randomized, and four-participant design. Gait velocity was assessed by determining differences in level, trend, data stability, and nonoverlapping data using visual analysis based on technical documentation for single-case designs from the What Works Clearinghouse.Results. Four participants ranging in age from 19 to 73 years were included in the study. The change in level for all participants demonstrated an increase in gait velocity values after the introduction of the intervention (mean: 0.76 m/s). Visual trend analysis estimated acceleration for the intervention line for three participants. The data in the baseline and intervention phase met the stability criterion measured with the two standard deviation band method (mean: 0.05 m/s); patterns of change demonstrated immediate effect with gradual improvement during the intervention for participants 1, 3, and 4. The percentage of nonoverlapping data showed effective-ness of the intervention for three of the participants (PND >91.67%).Conclusions. The findings presented in this study represent a scientific contribution that supports the relevance of the use and application of motor learning principles for the development of new strategies in motor rehabilitation. However, this study constitutes a first step towards more robust studies that include replication of the phases in the study and follow-up evaluation to determine the permanence of long-term effects.

Association between isokinetic strength measures and functional performance in community-dwelling older adults / Asociación entre las medidas de fuerza isocinética y el rendimiento funcional en personas mayores en la comunidad / Associação entre medidas de força isocinética e desempenho funcional em pessoas idosas da comunidade

ABSTRACT Previous studies have shown an association between lower limb muscle strength and functional performance, but a dose-response relationship between the strength of each lower limb muscle group and performance in daily life activities in older adults has not been well established. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the association between isokinetic muscle strength of all eight major lower limb muscle groups and functional performance in community-dwelling older adults. The muscle strength of the plantar flexors and dorsiflexors of the ankle, flexors and extensors of the knee, and flexors, extensors, adductors, and abductors of the hip were evaluated using a Biodex System 4 Pro® isokinetic dynamometer. Functional performance was evaluated in 109 participants using the five-times sit-to-stand test (STS) and 4-meter usual walking speed (UWS). The multiple linear regression analyses showed that the hip abductors strength predicted 31.3% of the variability for UWS (p=0.011), and the knee extensors strength (p=0.015) predicted 31.6% of the variability for the STS. We conclude that hip abductors and knee extensors could be the key muscle groups involved in sit to stand and walking speed performance in older adults.

RESUMEN Estudios previos ya demostraron la asociación entre la fuerza muscular de los miembros inferiores y el rendimiento funcional, sin embargo, no está bien establecida la contribución de los principales músculos de los miembros inferiores sobre el rendimiento de las personas mayores en las actividades diarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la asociación entre la fuerza muscular isocinética de los ocho principales grupos musculares de los miembros inferiores y el rendimiento funcional en personas mayores que viven en la comunidad. La fuerza muscular de los plantiflexores y dorsiflexores del tobillo, los flexores y extensores de la rodilla y los flexores, extensores, aductores y abductores de la cadera se evaluaron por medio del dinamómetro isocinético Biodex System 4 Pro®. El rendimiento funcional de 109 participantes se evaluó mediante el test de sentarse y pararse cinco veces (STS) y la velocidad de marcha habitual de 4 metros. Los análisis de regresión lineal múltiple mostraron que la fuerza de los abductores de la cadera predijo el 31,3% de la variabilidad para la velocidad de marcha habitual (p=0,011); y la fuerza de los extensores de la rodilla (p=0,015), el 31,6% de variabilidad para STS. Se concluyó que los abductores de la cadera y los extensores de la rodilla pueden ser los principales grupos musculares involucrados en el rendimiento de los adultos mayores para sentarse, pararse y caminar.

RESUMO Estudos anteriores já demonstraram a associação entre força muscular de membros inferiores e desempenho funcional, mas a contribuição dos principais músculos dos membros inferiores para o desempenho de pessoas idosas nas atividades cotidianas não foi bem estabelecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a associação entre a força muscular isocinética dos oito principais grupos musculares dos membros inferiores e o desempenho funcional em pessoas idosas da comunidade. A força muscular dos plantiflexores e dorsiflexores do tornozelo, flexores e extensores do joelho e flexores, extensores, adutores e abdutores do quadril foi avaliada utilizando um dinamômetro isocinético Biodex System 4 Pro®. O desempenho funcional de 109 participantes foi avaliado usando o teste de sentar e levantar cinco vezes (TSL) e de velocidade de marcha habitual de 4 metros (VMH). As análises de regressão linear múltipla mostraram que a força dos abdutores do quadril previu 31,3% da variabilidade para a VMH (p=0,011), e a força dos extensores do joelho (p=0,015) 31,6% da variabilidade para o TSL. Concluímos que os abdutores do quadril e os extensores do joelho podem ser os principais grupos musculares envolvidos no desempenho de pessoas idosas para sentar-levantar e caminhar.

Acute effects of different intervals between repeated sprints on performance responses in amateur futsal athletes / Efeitos agudos de diferentes intervalos entre sprint repetidos sobre as respostas de desempenho em atletas amadores de futsal

ABSTRACT Objective: Verify the influence of different break times between sprints on the performance of amateur futsal athletes. Methods: 10 individuals, men, amateur futsal athletes (Age: 21.5 ± 1.6; Weight: 72.4 ± 6.88; Height: 1.72 ± 0.05; BMI: 24.3 ± 1.2; Fat%: 13.7 ± 3.3, VO2peak: 49.1 ± 10.5) participated in the study. Individuals were randomly selected to perform sessions with sprints (10 sets 20 m) with different pause times of 15 (S15), 30 (S30) and 60 (S60) seconds. For performance analysis, the speed (km / h) applied to each sprint was used and monitored by a device with a photocell (CEFISE Biotecnologia Esportiva®). Results: There was an interaction between speed and interval time (p = 0.000). For condition S15, a greater reduction in performance was observed (p ≤ 0.05), while for S30 and S60, no significant reduction in performance was observed (p > 0.05). The data for the area under the curve showed a significant difference (p = 0.000), where the interval of 60 s (S60) was longer compared to the values of 30 (S30) (p = 0.000) and 15 s (S15) (p = 0.000). However, there were no significant differences between the 30 and 15 s data (p = 0.248). Conclusion: A shorter time (15 s) interval between repeated sprints can significantly affect performance compared to longer breaks (30 and 60 s), but all the conditions tested here can be positive for the improvement of performance, mainly in sports that demand fast and efficient motor actions such as futsal.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a influência dos diferentes tempos de intervalo entre os sprints no desempenho dos atletas de futsal amadores. Métodos: 10 indivíduos, homens, atletas de futsal amadores (Idade: 21,5 ± 1,6; Peso: 72,4 ± 6,88; Altura: 1,72 ± 0,05; IMC: 24,3 ± 1,2; Gordura%: 13,7 ± 3,3, VO2peak: 49,1 ± 10,5) participou no estudo. Os indivíduos foram selecionados aleatoriamente para realizar sessões com sprints (10 conjuntos 20 m) com diferentes tempos de pausa de 15 (S15), 30 (S30) e 60 (S60) segundos. Para análise do desempenho, a velocidade (km/h) aplicada a cada sprint foi utilizada e monitorizada por um dispositivo com uma fotocélula (CEFISE Biotecnologia Esportiva®). Resultados: Houve uma interação entre velocidade e tempo de intervalo (p = 0,000). Para a condição S15, observou-se uma maior redução no desempenho (p ≤ 0,05), enquanto para S30 e S60, não se observou qualquer redução significativa no desempenho (p > 0,05). Os dados para a área sob a curva mostraram uma diferença significativa (p = 0,000), onde o intervalo de 60 s (S60) foi mais longo em comparação com os valores de 30 (S30) (p = 0,000) e 15 s (S15) (p = 0,000). No entanto, não houve diferenças significativas entre os dados de 30 e 15 s (p = 0,248). Conclusão: Um intervalo de tempo mais curto (15 s) entre sprints repetidos pode afetar significativamente o desempenho em comparação com os intervalos mais longos (30 e 60 s), mas todas as condições aqui testadas podem ser positivas para a melhoria do desempenho, principalmente nos desportos que exigem ações motoras rápidas e eficientes, tais como o futsal.

Relationship between lower limb muscle strength and walk speed in community dwelling older adults: the chain mediating role of flexibility and dynamic balance / 中国康复理论与实践

ObjectiveTo investigate the relationship between lower limb muscle strength and walking speed in older adults, and to analyze the mediating role of flexibility and dynamic balance. MethodsFrom November to December, 2021, a total of 155 older adults at the Shanghai Senior Sports and Health Home were included. Their basic health information was collected, and the lower limb muscle strength, flexibility, dynamic balance and walking speed were tested. A mediated effects analysis was conducted. ResultsThere was a pairwise correlation among lower limb muscle strength, flexibility, dynamic balance and walking speed in older adults (r > 0.210, P < 0.01). In the mediated effects model, after controlling for age and gender, lower limb muscle strength did not directly predict walking speed in older adults (β = 0.029, P = 0.699), however, lower limb muscle strength could influence walking speed through the partial mediation of dynamic balance (effect = 0.0130, 95% CI 0.0073~0.0197) and the chain mediation of lower flexibility and dynamic balance (effect = 0.0019, 95% CI 0.0003~0.0043). ConclusionLower limb muscle strength can indirectly affect walking speed in older adults through the mediators of flexibility and dynamic balance, or the dynamic balance alone.